![]() This process involves two key steps: ATP synthesis (via photosystem II) and NADPH synthesis (via photosystem I). The most common form of the light-dependent reactions is a process known as non-cyclic photophosphorylation. In plants and algae, the light-dependent reactions take place in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts. In addition, oxygen is released as a result of the oxidation of water. The light-dependent reactions use light energy to make ATP (an energy-carrying molecule) and NADPH (an electron carrier) for use in the Calvin cycle. There are two main stages of photosynthesis: the light-dependent reactions and the Calvin cycle. In other words, six molecules of carbon dioxide and six molecules of water react in the presence of sunlight to produce one molecule of glucose (a six-carbon sugar) and six molecules of oxygen. ![]() The overall balanced equation for photosynthesis is commonly written as 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2O → C 6H 12O 6 + 6 O 2 (shown below). There are two types of photosystems: photosystem I (PSI) and photosystem II (PSII). The thylakoid membrane contains photosystems, which are large complexes of proteins and pigments. Thylakoids consist of a thylakoid space (lumen) surrounded by a thylakoid membrane. ![]() The stroma is the fluid-filled space within the inner membrane it surrounds flattened sac-like structures known as thylakoids. Chloroplasts have an outer membrane and an inner membrane. The complex process of photosynthesis takes place in chloroplasts (i.e., membrane-bound organelles in plant and algal cells). During the process, carbon dioxide is reduced (i.e., gains electrons) to form glucose, and water is oxidized (i.e., loses electrons) to form molecular oxygen. Furthermore, photosynthesis is a reduction-oxidation (redox) reaction, meaning that it involves the transfer of electrons between chemical species. Photosynthesis is an endergonic process because it requires an input of energy from the surroundings in order for a chemical change to take place. Energy is stored in the chemical bonds of glucose and can be later harvested to fuel the organism’s activities through cellular respiration or fermentation. Sunlight powers a series of reactions that use water and carbon dioxide to synthesize glucose and release oxygen as a byproduct. The process by which plants and other organisms convert light energy (sunlight) into chemical energy (glucose) is known as photosynthesis. Common Oxidizing Agents & Reducing Agents.What is a Chemical Reaction? Physical vs Chemical Change Examples.Lastly, we consider the different types of photosynthesis. Then, we analyze the two key stages involved in this process and take a look at the final products. We begin with an introduction to photosynthesis and its balanced chemical equation. In this tutorial, you will learn all about photosynthesis.
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